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History of Technology

Measuring technological progress

Many sociologists and anthropologists have social theories that deal with social and cultural development created. Some, like Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski, declare the technical progress of the primary factor in the development of human civilization be. Morgan's concept of three main stages of social evolution (savagery, barbarism and civilization) can be divided by technological milestones, like fire, the bow, and pottery in the wild period, domestication of animals, agriculture, and metalworking in the barbarian era and alphabet and writing in the civilization era.

Instead of specific inventions, White decided that the action by the judge was the development of cultural energy. For White, "the primary function of culture" to "harness and control energy." White distinguishes five stages of human development: In the first use of human energy of their own muscles. In the second, use they energy of domesticated animals. In the third, they use the energy of plants (Agricultural Revolution). In the fourth, they learn the power of the use of natural resources: coal, Oil, gas. In the fifth, they harness nuclear energy. White introduced a formula P = E * T, where E is a measure of energy consumed, and T is the measure of efficiency technical factors, the use of energy. developed in his own words, "culture, the amount of energy used per capita per year is increased or as the efficiency the instrumental resources are the energy is raised to work. "Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev, his theory of creation Kardashev scale that categorizes extrapolated the energy use of advanced civilizations.

Lenski takes a modern approach and focuses on information. The more information and knowledge (especially allows the processing of the natural environment) is a society that is more advanced. He identifies four stages of human development, based on the progress in the history of communication. In the first stage, information is passed on by genes. In the second, when humans gain sentience, they can learn and Information through experience. In the third, people start with signs and develop logic. In the fourth, they can create symbols, develop language and writing. Progress in the technology of communication on the improvement of economic and political system, distribution of wealth, social inequality and other areas, the social Life. He also differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication and economy:

Hunter-gatherers

simple agricultural,

advanced agriculture,

Industrial,

Special characters (such as fishing companies).

Finally, from the late 1970s Sociologists and anthropologists such as Alvin Toffler (author of Future Shock), Daniel Bell and John Naisbitt have the theories approached the post-industrial societies, argue that the current era of industrial society is to be ended, and services and information more important than industry and goods. Some of the extreme visions of the postindustrial Society, especially in fiction, are strikingly similar to the visions of near-and post-Singularity societies.

In time and geography

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Early technology

Agriculture in the history of technology advance in writing.

Olduvai stone technology (Olduwan) 2.5 million years old (doctor, to kill dead animals)

Acheulean stone technology 1.6 million years old (hand-ax)

Fire creation and manipulation, used since the Palaeolithic, possibly by homo erectus before 1.5 million years

(Homo sapiens sapiens – modern human anatomy is formed, about 200,000 Years.)

Clothing may be 100,000 years ago.

Stone tools used by Homo floresiensis, possibly 100,000 years ago.

Ceramic 25,000 BC

Domestication of animals, about 15,000 BC

Bow, sling about 9 Millennium BC

Microliths about 9 Millennium BC

Copper about 8000 BC

Agriculture and Plough 8000 BC

Wheel around 4000 BC

Gnomon about 4000 BC

Writing systems around 3500 BC

Bronze about 3300 BC

Salt

Chariot about 2000 BC

Iron around 1500 BC

Sundial around 800 BC

Glass about 500 BC

Catapult 400 BCE

Horseshoe 300 BC

Stirrup first centuries AD

Stone Age

A variety of stone tools

During the Stone Age people were all a lifestyle that limited use of tools and few, if any, permanent Settlements involved. The first major technologies were those days for survival, hunting and food preparation bound in this environment. Fire, stone tools and weapons Clothing and technological developments were of great importance in this period. Stone Age cultures developed music, and engaged in organized warfare. A subgroup the Stone Age people developed ocean-worthy ship technology boom, leading to eastward migration of the Malay Archipelago, across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar and also on the Pacific Ocean, the knowledge of ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing, celestial navigation required, and star maps. The Neolithic period is described as Epipaleolithic or Middle Stone Age. The former is usually used to describe the Neolithic period in areas with limited glacial impact. The younger Stone Age, during which the basics of agricultural technology have been developed is called the Neolithic Age. During this period, polished stone tools from a variety of hard Rocks such as flint, jade, jadeite and greenstone, largely through the work demands as quarries, but later the precious stones were persecuted by underground tunnels, the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were used for forest clearance and the establishment of crop and were to remain as effective as in use when bronze and Iron appeared.

Although Paleolithic cultures left no written records, the transition from nomadism to settlement and agriculture from a number of archaeological Products are derived. Such findings are, for example, old tools, cave paintings and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf. Human remains also direct evidence, both through the study of bones, and the study of mummies. Although concrete evidence is limited, scientists and historians have significant conclusions to make plays on the lifestyle and culture of different peoples and the role of prehistoric technology in their lives.

Copper and Bronze Age

A Late Bronze Age sword or dagger blade.

Developed in the Stone Age to the Bronze Age to the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution involved radical changes included in agricultural technology, the development of agriculture, animal domestication and the adoption of permanent settlements. These combined factors made possible the development of metal smelting, copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, the material of choice, although polished stone tools continue for a considerable time compared to use because of their wealth with the less common metals (especially tin).

This technological trend apparently began in the Fertile Crescent, and spread outward over time. It should be noted that these developments do not, and still not universal. The three-age system not accurately describe the history of technology groups outside Eurasia, and in general do not apply in the case of some isolated populations, such as the Spinifex people Sentinelese and various Amazonian tribes that still use stone age technology, developed non-agricultural or metal technology.

Iron Age

A axehead of iron from Swedish Iron age.

The Iron Age involved the adoption of iron smelting technology. It is generally replaced bronze, and made it possible Tools that will make you stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents were produced. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age of the last major step before the development written language, although this was not the case everywhere. It was not possible because mass production of steel high oven temperatures were necessary, but Steel was able to Bloomery forge iron, to reduce the carbon content in a controllable manner can be produced. Iron ores were much more common than copper or tin. In Europe, large Hillforts as either a refuge in times of war, or sometimes built as permanent settlements. In some cases, existing forts from the Bronze Age have been expanded and enlarged. The pace of deforestation increases with the more efficient iron axes to support the provision of more farmland for the growing population.

1000 v. BC 500 BC the Germanic tribes had a Bronze Age culture, while the Celts were in the Iron Age by the time of the Hallstatt culture. Their cultures clashed with the military and agricultural practices of the Romans, leading the Europeans who have been adopted to conquer Roman technological progress.

Ancient Civilizations

Main article: Old Technology

It was the growth of ancient civilizations, the greatest advances in technology and engineering advances, the other Companies encouraged to adopt new ways of producing food and governance.

The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp to Construction processes supported. The Indus Valley Civilization, located in a resource-rich region, is known for its early implementation of urban planning and sanitation technologies. Ancient India was also found at the head of navigation technology panel at Mohenjodaro, shows a sailing boat. Indian construction and architecture, called "Vaastu Shastra" suggests a thorough understanding of materials engineering, hydrology, and sanitation.

The Chinese have many of the first known discoveries and developments. Significant technological contributions from China, early seismological detectors, matches, paper, cast iron, iron plow, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot and gunpowder.

A representation Aeolipile the earliest steam-powered device

Greek and Hellenistic engineers invented many technologies and improving existing technologies. Particularly the Hellenistic period saw a sharp increase in technological ingenuity, by promoting a climate of openness to new ideas, royal patronage of the Flower of a mechanistic philosophy and the establishment of the Alexandria library and its close connection with the adjoining Museion. In contrast to the typically anonymous inventor of the earlier times, Ingenuin heads like Archimedes, Philo of Byzantium, Heron and Ctesibius now remained known by name to posterity.

Ancient Greek innovations were particularly expressed in machine technology, including the pioneering invention of the water mill, the first man thought is the driving force, not muscle work (next to the Sailing leave). Apart from her pioneering use of hydroelectric power, the Greek inventor was also the first to experiment with wind power (see Heron's Windmill) and even a new earliest steam engine (the Aeolipile) opens up completely new possibilities for the use of natural forces, whose full potential was only in industrial Revolution can be exploited. Of particular importance for the operation of mechanical equipment, the newly developed rectangular gear and the screw.

The compartmentalized Water wheel, here's overshot version was invented in the Hellenistic period

Ancient agriculture, as in any time before the modern period the primary form of production and Food, and his methods were irrigation significantly by the invention and wide use of a number of previously unknown water-lifting devices, such as vertical advanced Water wheel, the bucket, the water turbine, Archimedes screw, the suction pump, the bucket chain and pot garland, the force-pump, the suction pump, the double-action piston pump, and possibly the chain pump.

In music, water organ, invented by Ctesibius and improved subsequently placed the earliest instance of a keyboard instrument. In timing, the Introduction of the inflow water clock and its mechanization through the dial and hands, the use of a feedback system and the inhibition mechanism far, instead of previous runoff Water meter.

The famous Antikythera mechanism, a type of analog computer work with a differential gear, and the astrolabe shows great sophistication in the astronomical Science.

Greek engineers were the first machines such as vending machines, suspended ink pots, automatic washing tables and doors, especially as Toys to develop, but presented many new useful mechanisms such as the cam and gimbal.

In other areas, the ancient Greek inventions Catapult and the crossbow in warfare gastraphetes, hollow cast in bronze metallurgy, Dioptra of Surveying, in the infrastructure of the lighthouse, central heating, the tunnel from both ends by scientific calculations, the ship roadway excavated, dry and sanitary. In horizontal and vertical transport resulted in major progress from the invention of the crane, winch, the wheelbarrow and the odometer.

Other newly created techniques and concepts were spiral staircases, the chain drive, calipers and showers.

Pont du Gard in France, a Roman aqueduct

The Romans developed an intensive and sophisticated agriculture, the existing Iron processing technology expands, creating laws for individual ownership, stone carvings advanced technology, expanded road construction (exceeded only in the 19th century) Military, civil engineering, spinning and weaving, and various machines like the Gallic reaper, which helped increase productivity in many areas of the Roman economy. Roman engineers were the first monumental arches, an amphitheater, aqueducts, public baths, built true arch bridges, ports, dams and embankments, Domes and vaults on a very large extent of their empire. Notable inventions include the Roman book (Codex), glass blowing and concrete. Because Rome was on a volcanic peninsula, with sand, which are likely contain crystalline grains, the concrete, the Romans were specially formulated durable. Some of their buildings 2000 years has lasted until this day.

The engineering expertise of the Inca and the Maya were great, even by today's standards. An example is the use of pieces weighing up to one ton in their masonry placed together, so that not even a knife fits in-between the cracks. The villages are irrigation channels and drainage systems, so that agriculture is very efficient. While some claim that the Incas were the first inventors of the hydro-culture, Agricultural Technology was still on the ground, when advanced. Although the Maya civilization had no metallurgical or wheel technology, they developed complex writing and astrological systems, and created sculptures stone and flint. Like the Inca, Maya also had command of fairly far advanced agricultural and construction machinery. During this time much of this design made only by women, as men believed the Maya civilization, that women who have to create new things. The main contribution of the Aztec rule was a system of communication between the conquered cities. In Mesoamerica, without draft animals for transport (other than income, wheeled vehicles), the road was designed for travel on foot, like the Inca and Maya.

Medieval and modern technologies

Medieval Europe

Medieval counterweight trebuchet (reconstruction)

Main article: Medieval technology

European technology in the Middle Ages can be best described as a symbiosis of traditions et innovations. During medieval Technology has long been depicted as a backward step in the development of Western technology, sometimes deliberately as of modern authors intent condemnation of the Church antagonistic to scientific progress (see, for example, the Flat Earth Myth) a generation of medievalists around the American historian of science Lynn White pointed out the 1940s, from the innovative character of many medieval techniques. Original medieval contributions include, for example, mechanical watches, eyewear and vertical wind mills. Medieval ingenuity was displayed in the invention of the seemingly insignificant things like the watermark or the functional button. In navigation, the foundation stone down for the later age of exploration by the introduction of the pins and gudgeon rudder, lateen sails, the dry compass, the Horseshoe and the astrolabe.

Significant progress has been made in military technology with the development of armor, steel crossbows, catapults and cannons counterweight. Perhaps the best known to the Middle Ages for its architectural heritage: While the invention has the ribbed vaults and pointed arches to towering Gothic style, was the ubiquitous Medieval fortifications of the era of the almost proverbial title "Age of castles".

Muslim Agricultural Revolution

Main article: Muslim Agricultural Revolution, Inventions in the Islamic world, and Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers

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From the 8th Century, the medieval Islamic world, a fundamental change in farming tools known as the "Muslim Agricultural Revolution "," Arab Agricultural Revolution "or" Green Revolution. "Based on the global economy by Muslim merchants in throughout the Old World in the Afro-Asian Age of Discovery established "or" Pax Islamica "This allowed the diffusion of many cultures, plant and farming techniques between different parts of the Islamic world, and the adaptation of crops, plants and techniques from beyond the Islamic world, in Islamic Countries that would not normally be able to spread these plants grow. The diffusion of many cultures performed during this period, together with increased mechanization agriculture has led to major changes in the economy, population, vegetation, agricultural production and income, population levels, urban Growth, the distribution of the labor force, industries, cooking and nutrition, clothing and many other aspects of life in the Islamic world.

Muslim engineers in the Islamic world were responsible for numerous innovative industrial uses of hydropower, the early industrial uses of tidal power, wind power, and Petroleum, and large factory complexes (Hem in Arabic). The industrial use of water mills were widespread since 8 Century. A variety of industrial mills were developed in the Islamic world, including fulling mills, gristmill, Hull, paper mills, sawmills, shipmills, stamps, steel mills, sugar factories, and Windmills. In the 11th Century had each province throughout the Islamic world, these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also crankshafts and water turbines developed.

A significant number of inventions were produced by Muslim scientists and engineers in this period, including Inventors such as Abbas Ibn Firnas, Taqi al-Din, and especially al-Jazari. Some of the developments from the golden age of Islam, including coffee, hard soap, shampoo, nitric acid, Distillation, valve, piston, quilting, catgut, windmill, inoculation, fountain pen, cryptanalysis, frequency analysis, quartz verify, modern, explosive Rockets and incendiary devices.

Renaissance

Main article: Renaissance Technology

Dome of Florence Cathedral

Draft Flying Machine (c.1488) by da Vinci

The era of such major technological advances like the printing press marked, linear perception, patent law, double-shell domes or Bastion fortresses. Note books of the Renaissance artist-engineers like Leonardo da Vinci Taccola and give a deep insight into the mechanical technology then known and applied. Architects and engineers were inspired by the structures of ancient Rome, and men like Brunelleschi has a great dome of Florence Cathedral as a result. He was given one of the first patent ever for an ingenious crane he developed excellent shot to increase the large stones at the top of the masonry structure. Military technology developed rapidly with the widespread use of the crossbow and ever more powerful artillery, when the city states of Italy were usually in conflict with each other. Powerful Families like the Medici were strong supporter of the arts and sciences. Renaissance science brought the scientific revolution, science and technology started a cycle of mutual support.

Age of Exploration

Main article: Age of Exploration

The sailing ship (or Nau Carrack) activated the Age the study of European colonization of America, embodied by Francis Bacon The New Atlantis. Pioneers like Vasco de Gama, Cabral, Magellan and Christopher Columbus discovered the World in search of new trade routes for their goods and links with Africa, India and China, the shorter the journey, compared to traditional routes across the country. Also new discovered America while doing so. They produced new maps and charts to explore the following active seafarers on with more confidence. Navigation was generally difficult But due to the problem of the length and the lack of accurate chronometers. European powers rediscovered the idea of the civil code, as the lost time of the ancient Greeks.

Industrial Revolution

Main article: Industrial Revolution

A Watt steam engine

The Iron Bridge

The British Industrial Revolution is to be transported by the developments in the fields of textile manufacturing, mining, metallurgy characterized and driven by the development of the steam engine. Before the revolution was driven mainly produced by cheap energy from coal, in increasing quantities from the solid from the UK. Coal converted to coke gave the Blast furnace and cast iron in much greater quantities than before, and a number of structures could create, as, for example, The Iron Bridge. Cheap coal meant that industry was no longer driving the mills of water resources forced, although it continues to be a valuable source of power. The steam engine helped drain the mines, so that could more coal reserves accessed, and increases the output of coal. The development of high-pressure steam engine locomotives possible, and a transport revolution followed.

19. Century

The Rocket received

The 19th Century saw remarkable developments in transportation, construction and communication technologies originating in Europe, especially in Great Britain. The steam engine which in the early 18th Century had passed, was practically the two steamers and railway transportation. The first purpose-built railway line opened between Manchester and Liverpool in 1830, Robert Stephenson's Rocket locomotive as one of the first working locomotives used on the track. Morse also developed into a practical technique 19th Century to help run the trains safely.

Other technologies were investigated for the first time, including the light bulb. The Portsmouth Block Mills was on the production of ships tackles of all-metal machines for the first time took place, and instigated at the age of mass production. machine tools used by engineers to other machines Production began in the first decade of the century, mainly by Richard Roberts and Joseph Whitworth. Steam ships were finally all iron and played a role in opening Japan and China's trade with the West. Mechanical computing was presented by Charles Babbage, but do not come into play. The Second Industrial Revolution in the late 19th Century saw rapid development of chemical, electrical, petroleum, steel and technologies associated with highly structured technology research.

20. Century

Landing on the moon

20. Century technology developed rapidly. Communication technology, transportation technology, wide range of teaching and implementing the scientific method and increased Expenditure on research contributed to the advancement of modern science and technology. Because of the scientific gains directly to military research and development, technology be bound, including electronic data processing, have developed as quickly as they partly or wholly due to war. Radio, radar and early recordings were Key technologies that paved the way for the phone, fax and magnetic data storage. Energy and engine technology improvements were also large, including Nuclear energy, developed by the Manhattan Project. Transport of missiles: the majority work in the U.S. (Goddard), Russia (Ziolkowski) and Germany (Oberth) occurred. The use of computers and advanced research laboratories have modern scientists recombinant DNA.

vote, the National Academy of Engineering, by experts, has the following ranking the most important technological developments of the 20th Century:

Electrification

Automotive

Aircraft

Water supply and distribution agreements

Electronics

Radio and TV

Mechanized Agriculture

Computer

Phone

Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

Highways

Spacecraft

Internet

Imaging

Household Appliances

Health Technologies

Petroleum and petrochemical technologies

Laser and fiber optics

Nuclear technologies

Material science

21. Century

The Mars Exploration Rovers have provided large amounts of information by working far beyond the original term NASA estimates.

Main article: 2000s in science and technology

In the 21 Century, technology is developing even faster, especially in electronics and biotechnology. Broadband Internet access became commonplace in developed countries, as well as home computers with connection music libraries and mobile phones.

Currently, in quantum computing, nanotechnology, bioengineering, nuclear fusion (See ITER and DEMO), advanced materials (such as increased defense), the scramjet (along with railguns and high-energy beams for military purposes), Superconductivity, the memristor and green technologies such as alternative fuels (eg fuel cells, plug-in hybrid cars) and more efficient LEDs and solar cells.

The understanding particle physics is expected by particle accelerator projects like the Large Hadron Collider, the largest expansion project in the world scientific and neutrino detectors as ANTARES. Theoretical physics, quantum gravity proposals currently being investigated as M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.

Spacecraft designs are also being developed, including through the Project Constellation (see Orion and Ares V). The James Webb Space Telescope will try early galaxies, and the exact location of the solar system to identify within our galaxy, with the help of the infrared spectrum. The finished International Space Station will provide an intermediate platform for space missions and weightlessness Experiments. Despite challenges and criticism, NASA and ESA are planning a manned mission to Mars in the 2030s.

By type of technology

The history of biotechnology

This section continues expansion.

Main article: History of biotechnology

To be added to main article:

Timeline of the Agriculture and Food Technology

Hunter-gatherers

Agriculture

Food Science

Genetically modified Food

History of Agricultural Sciences

History of Garden Design

Biotechnology (timeline, etc.)

History of Sushi

The history of tea in China

History of Civil Engineering

This section requires expansion.

Main article: History of Civil engineering and history of the construction

To Date:

Civil Engineering

Architecture and Construction

Bridges, ports, Tunnels, dams

Surveying, instruments and maps, cartography, urban engineering, water supply and sewerage

History of communication

This section continues expansion.

Main article: History of communication

To Date:

Communications

Writing systems

Telecommunications

History of mobile phones

History of Animation

History of Broadcasting

History of radar

History of radio

Print

Cinema

Radio

TV

Internet

History of computer science

Main article: History of computer hardware

History of computer hardware before 1960

History of computer science hardware (1960sresent)

History of computer hardware in Soviet Bloc

History of computer science

History of operating systems

History of Software Engineering

History of Programming Languages

The history of artificial intelligence

History of the graphical user interface

History of the Internet

History of the World Wide Web

History of computer and video games

History of consumer technology

This section continues expansion.

Main article: History of consumer technology

To Date:

Timeline of lighting technology

History of the textile and clothing industry

History of materials science

Family and Consumer Science

History of knitting

History of the lens making

History of the Chair

The history of the umbrella

Manufacturing

History of Electrical Engineering

This section continues expansion.

Main article: History of Electrical Engineering #

To be taken:

History of street lighting in the United States

History of energy technology

This section continues expansion.

Main article: History of energy

To Date:

Energy (history, Human use, see also)

The history of mining

History of perpetual motion

Timeline of steam power

Timeline of hydrogen technologies

Timeline of alcohol fuel

Timeline of nuclear fusion

History of materials science

This section sets Expansion.

Main article: History of materials science

To be included:

Timeline of materials technology

Metallurgy

Materials and Processing

History of measurement

This section continues expansion.

Main article: History of measurement

To Date:

Story time in the United States

Timeline of time measurement technology

History of Medicine

Main article: History medicine

This section requires expansion.

History of military technology

This section continues expansion.

Main article: History of War

To be incorporated into main article:

Military history # Technological Evolution

Category: Military history Article on the history of specific technologies

History of Nuclear Technology

Main article: Nuclear # History

Manhattan Project

Atomic Age

Nuclear tests

Nuclear arms race

History of science and technology

This section requires expansion.

Main article: History of Science and Technology

History of telescopes

Timeline of telescopes, observatories and observing technology

Timeline of microscope technology

Timeline of particle physics technology

Timeline of low-temperature technique

Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology

History of transport technology

This section requires expansion.

Main article: History of transport

To incorporated into main article are:

Timeline of motor and engine technology

Chronology of photography technology

Timeline of rocket and missile technology

Timeline communication technology

See also

Science portal

Related story

History of Science

History mathematics

History of Philosophy

Related Disciplines

Chronology of historic inventions

List of independent Discoveries

Critique of technology

Technical training

Philosophy of technology

History of Science and Technology (Primary)

History of Ideas (Primary)

Technology Dynamics (Primary)

Technology

Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Science and technology in Canada

Related Topics

High-Tech

Simple machine

Deindustrialization

The future of science and technology (speculative)

Futures Wiki, an external wiki

New Technologies

Futurology

Technological Uniqueness

Technocapitalism

Technological change

Technological determinism

Technology Forecast

Robotics

People

List of Engineers and the list of inventors

Biography of inventors and explorers

Technical societies

Technocracy

Technology and Society

Historiography of science and technology

Kranzberg law of the art

Dictionary of Technology

Exploratory Engineering

Historians of science and technology

Johann Beckmann

I. Bernard Cohen

Ruth Schwartz Cowan

John L. Heilbron

Thomas P. Hughes

Daniel Kevles

Melvin Kranzberg

Thomas Kuhn

Dylan Stiddle

Lewis Mumford

Joseph Needham

Abraham Pais

George Sarton

Charles Singer

W. Patrick McCray

W. David Lewis

Silvio A. Bedini

Paul Josephson

Harry Lintsen

Magazines and periodicals in the history of science and technology

History of Technology

ICON

Technology and Culture

Proceedings of the Newcomen

Notebooks

Marx's Notebooks on the history of technology

Research institutes

Bell Labs

Max-Planck-Institute for History of Science, Berlin

Notes

^ Http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0114_040114_siberianhumans.html

^ Oleson, John Peter (2000), "Water-Lifting," in Wikander, Rjånes, Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, technology and change in history, 2, Leiden, p. 217 302, ISBN 90-04-11123-9

^ Thomas F. Glick (1977), "Noria Pots in Spain, "Technology and Culture 18 (4), p. 644-650.

From ^ Andrew M. Watson (1974), "The Arab agricultural revolution and its dissemination 700-1100 ", The Journal of Economic History 34 (1), p. 8-35.

^ Andrew M. Watson (1983), Agricultural Innovation in the early Islamic world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 052124711X.

^ Maya Shatzmiller; p. 36

^ Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and medieval worlds: a review of the evidence for an industrial revolution in Europe during the Middle Ages, "Technology and Culture 46 (1), p. 1-30.

^ Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Middle East", Scientific American, May 1991, p. 64-69. (Cf. Donald Routledge Hill, mechanical engineering)

^ Bosworth, CE (autumn 1981), "A prototype of the medieval Islamic fountain pen?", Journal of Semitic Studies XXVl (i)

^ "" Origins of the pen ". Muslimheritage.com. Http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=365. Retrieved 18 September 2007.

^ Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11 March 2006.

^ DiscoveryChannel.ca Colossal construction: The world's nine largest science projects

References

Singer, C, Holm Yard, EJ, Hall, A. R, and Williams, TI (Eds.), (1954-59 and 1978) A History of Technology, 7 vols., Oxford, Clarendon Press. (Vol. ed 6 and 7, 1978. TI Williams)

Kranzberg, Melvin and Pursell, Carroll W. Jr., Eds. (1967) Technology in the Western Civilization: Technology in the Twentieth Century New York: Oxford University Press.

Pacey, Arnold (1974, 2ed 1994), the maze of Ingenuity MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1974, [2ed 1994, quoted here]

Derry, Thomas Kingston and Williams, Trevor I., (1993) A Short History of Technology: From the Beginning to AD 1900th New York: Dover Publications.

Brush, SG (1988). The history of modern science: A guide for the second scientific revolution, 1800-1950. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Bunch, Bryan and Hellemans, Alexander, (1993) The Timetables of Technology, New York, Simon and Schuster.

Greenwood, Jeremy (1997) The Third Industrial Revolution: Technology, productivity and income inequality AEI Press.

Landa, Manuel de, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines, 2001.

Olby, RC et al., Eds. (1996). Companion to the history of modern science. New York, Routledge.

External Links

Electropaedia the history art

http://www.fptt-pftt.gc.ca/success/century/1900_e.shtml This is a very good site for looking at technology in the 1900s (20th century)

MIT 6.933J The Structure of Engineering Revolutions. MIT OpenCourseWare, course materials (graduate level) for a course on the history of art by a Thomas Kuhn-ian lens.

Concept of Civilization events. By Jaroslaw Kessler, a chronology of the "civilizing events.

Ancient and Medieval City Technology

Categories: History of technology | History-related lists | Technology-related lists | Technology timeline hidden categories: Pages cited documents with obsolete parameters | Article need additional references from May 2008 | need articles | all articles need additional references Articles from June 2008 to extend | | additional references from April 2009 All items will be expanded About the Author

I am China Hardware Suppliers writer, reports some information about fitting door handles , wrought iron door handle.

How to build a home made pottery / potter’s wheel plan