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Scientific and technical revolution: a means to increase productivity in human society

INTRODUCTION

Science and technology are important tools in the attempts of people exist, develop and take over his environment. Since the discovery of science and its application man has consistently made efforts to develop various technologies to conquer nature, create the world for its simplicity and utility. From ancient times, discovered man bow and arrow, fire, hoes, knives, swords and so on, um and the existential problems of the natural look. Even in today's world, the efforts of people in the population on the provision of food, clothing and shelter and other basic equipment designed for its survival.

Basically, man is able to maneuver his way around the universe and come up with scientific discoveries because of its natural endowments. Man is by Naturally endowed with intelligence. He has the intellectual and natural ability to forge ideas and invent the ability to. The ability to reinvent it makes a concept or an inventor. Therefore, the application of science to everyday life is manifested in the various inventions of man vis-à-vis the technological developments in the human society. Science and technology, why are artificial inventions of man is basically to use for his services.

MAN, History of science and technology.

It is relevant that are not science outside the social and cultural environment of the people to mention. Man is the creator of the science and the inventor of the technology. In fact, human beings could be regarded as the highest expression of his environment. The development of science and technology is usually in the search for solutions to specific problems or challenges of the existential nature in a specific target socio-cultural environment. Although the nature of science suggests an objective application of universal problems and conditions is an approach to deductionist science, we can not but deny the fact that it is aligned with the first to deal with particularistic instances within a particular environment.

Historically, Man played a key role in the development of science and technology. Human society, no doubt, has a number of developments, changes and revolutions and went into every stage of its development. In the early Greek period, for example, philosophy, art and science attracted the most widespread attention. Science and art were part of philosophy. What existed but was speculative science. It was the time where Thales lived. He is considered the first well-known philosopher and scientist in the Western World. He was the first person to tell one from the sun, which was eventually eclipse in 585 BC His student Anaximander was the first evolutionist scientists in the Western world. He held that all living things arose from the sea and over the time development began in various forms of adaptation to the environment. He held the man from the animals developed. Anaximander also decided to make that the earth is not flat, but like a cylinder shape and is known to have the first map in history. Pythagoras the mathematician, the atomists Democritus and Aristotle, the greatest scientist in ancient Greece, all of whom have lived in that time. (Omoregbe 2002, 177)

Religion and theology took the center stage and became the focus of interest in the Middle Ages. Ethics, characterized in literature and art of the Renaissance. But in the development of Francis Bacon, who laid the foundation for inductive model of science, the modern era witnessed the development of empirical and experimental science. It was the time when two remarkable teaching that is brought out that Rene Descartes rationalism and empiricism, John Locke introduced. But in today has gradually been the focus of interest moved a science and technology. (Fadaunsi 1997, 58).

It is essential to mention that the internal factors and also as people with no self-satisfaction and his pursuit of knowledge in the different periods in the history of the company informed the shifts in emphasis of development.

The technology is what we know as science applied. It is the "systematic study of techniques for preparing and things to do" (Gordon 1942, 20). Similarly, Spirit, DP Lauda and RD Ryan (1971: 53) view technology as:

Man's efforts to cope with their physical Environment and that both have made the nature of the people created by technological t9hat own deeds, as his attempts to subdue or control cities, that the environment of his imagination and ingenuity in the use of available resources.

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge, to improve the conditions of human life. It is this application that results in inventions for human welfare in different sectors to improve the human Life. Disciplines such as engineering, medicine, computer science, electronics, architecture, etc. applied sciences. (Omoregbe 2002, 179).

The story art goes as far as the ancestors of humans. Technology grows and develops hand in hand with science. Both complement each other. The development of the various Tools if the person was recorded on the primitive stage in the history of the company with which the first technological revolution. From the time of the Neanderthals, had a Degree of specialization achieved in the tool was. The Cro-Magnon Homo sapiens some mechanical principles in pottery and by the time of the Neolithic man, man was right in the tool Craft mastered advanced. (Ndubuisi 2002, 132).

In the 16th advocates century, Francis Bacon and experimental science proposed that scientists should study the methods of the craftsmen. Technology continues to grow with the development of iron bridges, steam engines and textile machinery. During this time experienced the free roles of science with technology. For example, Edison, invented the first practical light of the scientific ideas of Faraday and Henry, a former experimented for electricity. Bell, the inventor of the telephone and on the scientific ideas developed by Helmholtz. (Ndubuisi 2002, 133).

Increased productivity

There is no gainsaying the fact that the revolution taking place in science and technology in the human Society is a remarkable achievement. With the help of technology, man has been able to put his ideas of almost perfect use, seamless society by using different Gadget he developed for his services. The world today, especially in the 21 Century, economic and political experiences growths as a result of scientific and technological Progress. There are advances and breakthroughs in the areas of power and energy, transportation, communication, medicine, architecture, agriculture, industry, military technology, Computers, space shuttles, biotechnology etc.

Advances in science and technology has helped to promote the productivity contributions and increasing economic growth in human society is an understatement. The fact is clear that science and technology, a large interaction to productions in all areas of human society. The industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th Occurred century marks the beginning of economic growth and revolution. This industrial revolution was a massive social, economic and technological change that began with the introduction of steam power, fueled primarily by coal. The technological and economic progress of the industrial revolution gained momentum with the introduction covers of steam powered ships and railways. But around the turn of the 19. Century, the revolution in Western Europe and North America spread and eventually affect the rest of the world. (Wikipedia)

The events to the improved productivity of labor by the industrial revolution characterized who had spread out over the world to the "second industrial revolution" Beginning around 1870. This second industrial revolution gradually sectors include "the chemical, petroleum refining and distribution, electrical industries and the automotive industry. "(Ndubuisi 2002, 151). In fact, the increasing availability of petroleum products also reduced the economic use of coal to the Potential for industrialization.

It is therefore important to mention that the industrial revolutions, the formation of several giant industrial enterprises with often fast, globalizing international operations and interests, paving the way for the subsequent scientific and technical revolution that emerged in the 1940s and 1950s. This scientific and technological revolution are evident in some countries, like the Soviet Union disintegrated and the United States of America, visiting the moon in this Period. Today other countries are following suite. In September 2008, China launched its space shuttle and sent a 3 man 1 Weekslot delegation to the moon.

It can be seen from the foregoing that the permanent marker with the revolutions in science and technology have influenced the way the man of modernity, the world is responsible. The scientific and technological revolution that has taken the world by storm today came from the industrial revolution of the 18th Century. Kolawole Ogundowole (2003: 134) is finds that:

In the first half of the twentieth century, especially during the 194s and 195s were fundamental changes in the structure Most of the sciences and in scientific activity as a result of the great scientific and technological discoveries. This in turn to an increase in interaction of science out with the technology and production. Exactly, it was during this decade that humanity entered the period of scientific and technological revolution.

Today, the scientific and technological revolution, increasing the productivity of labor. It is changing the whole face of the social material production. It has apparently a positive change in the nature, circumstances and content of work and the composition of the productive forces, the social division of labor and the cut and to the structure of society.

In his perception, Dryakhlov (1984: 55) define scientific and technological revolution as:

The radical qualitative transformation and production forces, being the result of the merger between the scientific and technological revolutions, the transformation of the Science into a direct productive force.

This means that as one of the fundamental principles and laws of dialectics, there is in human development processes, quantitative and qualitative changes. This confirms the materialist claim that everything developed from the transformation of quantity into quality. Sun and technological Revolution particular scientific phenomenon of a society associated with the conversion of science to direct productive force of "the radical qualitative Transformation of the structure of the productive forces and the changes in the character and content of human labor. "(Ogundowole 2003, 138).

With the evolution and development of science and technology, it has been shown that the revolution is the production and consumption increased, particularly in developed Countries of the world, all expectations of the past. It is possible that poverty, hunger, unemployment and even on a large scale would be a phase of be history. Therefore, VG Afanasiev (2003: 139) notes that:

Science is the generator of ideas: technology is its material, content, during production is the area in the functioning of the technique occurs where people in scientific and technological achievements use to their necessary to obtain material wealth.

At this point it is appropriate to mention that the rate of development of science and technology and their stunning successes in almost every area of human life, especially since this improves the productivity of human society is not without side effects. Karl Marx was one of those who point out the evil resulting from industrialization. However, Marx was not against the development of technology. But Marx believed that industrialization evil in the dialectical progression of feudal economic modes, which led to the full development of capitalism. Marx recognized that the industrialization of Society has occurred, but it only led to the polarization of society into two classes. Marx did not deny industrialization, but was in the exploitation, between the existed angry bourgeoisie and the proletariat. According to Marx (1972: 183):

Industrialization created the polarization of society into two classes, the bourgeois those who own the means of production, ie the factories and the land, and the much more proletarian working class, which actually perform the labor market necessary to extract something valuable from the means of production.

As a direct consequence of the scientific-technical revolution, Marx said, that the rapid advances in technology left many workers unemployed, as an agricultural and manufacturing was mechanized task after another. Again, Marx pointed indicates that there are flights of millions of unemployed people from rural areas or smaller towns to large cities as a result of the search for white Collar jobs. So there was the development of major urban centers, which actually led to unprecedented conditions placed poverty in the slums, Workers for the new factories. compared at the same time, the bourgeois class, only a small fraction of the size of the proletariat was extremely rich.

As a solution to this situation of unequal distribution of wealth and sheer exploitation of the capitalist system, Marx argued that the dialectical progression itself, is a necessary precursor to the development of socialism and eventually communism. Marx (1972: 209) believed that:

The industrial proletariat will eventually develop class consciousness and revolt against the bourgeoisie, which to an egalitarian socialist and communist state finally, where the workers themselves the means of industrial production.

Marx may not be right in his conviction that capitalism, as a result of the industrialized technological advances developed, would collapse and give way to socialism and eventually communism. The reality in our world today shows that capitalism, as against socialism sought and developed the technology. But recent events show that progress in technology has not most of the existential problems solved in our world. Progress in the food and agricultural technology, for example, have not stopped the shortages of food. Winners, the famine in most predominantly Developing countries, the citizens of the technological advanced countries also cry fowl with the high cost of food in their society. In fact, organizations the United Nations, beginning in 2008, announced that the whole world was going through a huge food crisis.

In the same direction, Progress and revolution in science and technology do not stop the economic recession in the United States occurred in 2008. Despite its improvements in productivity, scientific and technological revolution would not listen to this economic recession in the U.S., the loss of over 800 thousand jobs from January to September in 2008. The $ 700 billion economic bail out plan sent by the former U.S. President Bush and approved by the legislature in October 2008, at support the economic turn around the country to be seen. Also, the stimulus package by the current U.S. president, Obama has not made significant contribution to the U.S. economy.

Similarly, the revolution in science and technology does not stop the death of a small number of children in China over the melamine contamination of baby milk and other Dairy products. So therefore, despite its potential in increasing productivity, its impact on labor, human life, job losses could eventually disastrous be.

CONCLUSION

We can not deny the good that the advances in science and technology have the people done in virtually every aspect of his life. We can not exclude the fact that man is the instrument of change in the scientific-technical revolution. In order words, science and technological developments can not be possible without the people at the center of its creation and invention. This makes BM Kedrov and S. Shukhardin (2003: 139) consider that "scientific and technological revolution is an integral phenomenon which the entire" human-science-production "system".

However, we must stress that science and technology as a double-edged sword. It has both positive and negative sides. During the Success is greatly enhanced the quality of human life, its negative side highly destructive to human life.

Man faces serious Danger of the destructive side of technology in the areas of air pollution, pollution of the seas and rivers, deplete the ozone layer, toxic waste, etc. destructive impact of technology on humanity could also be seen in the areas of manufacturing weapons of mass destruction, especially the production of chemical Weapons, nuclear bombs, biological and nuclear weapons. (Omoregbe 2002, 181).

The history of the modern world has shown that powerful countries, that these weapons of mass destruction have developed mostly trying to use it on weaker countries. The atomic mass destruction weapons by the United States of America, during the Second World War used, on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan are still fresh in our memory. Therefore, probably the most other countries such as Iran, Korea, India, etc., are developing nuclear weapons for themselves, to protect themselves and wade the threat of an attack.

There are several other threats, the progress and revolution in science and technology pose to humanity, but these destructive elements of science and technology are not enough Excuses to deny the obvious that almost everyone everywhere in the world has benefited positively from it. Shelter, apparel, it has the human condition of life by to the necessities of life such as food improved, transportation, communications, health, etc., more accessible.

It is therefore our Position that the positive elements can be derived from science and technology of great significance for us. You must therefore ensure that science and His service and technology must be oriented human affairs. You must avoid flying the wrong operation of the equipment as this to his self-destruction. The false Use of science and technology is more serious threats to world peace, the man has tried since the beginning of reach of the world.

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