Nativity Scene
Birth of Jesus
A crib takes its inspiration from the accounts of the birth of Jesus in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Luke's Narrative describes an angel announced the birth of Jesus to shepherds, then visit the modest place where Jesus is found in a manger. Matthew's narrative tells of magic that a star, followed by the place where Jesus lives, and shows that the three kings Jesus took place about two years after his birth to the day. Matthew 'Report does not mention the angels and shepherds, while Luke's narrative is silent about the magi and the star. With no basis in Scripture, three-dimensional Nativity (whether static or dead) usually bring the shepherds and the angels hatch together at the crib with Matthew's kings and the star. Further, and without biblical basis the ox and donkey at the manger present as well as other animals such as sheep, goats and camels.
Origins and Early History
St. Francis of Greccio Giotto
St. Francis of Assisi with creating the first nativity scene in 1223 credited in Greccio, Italy, in an attempt to emphasis on the worship of Christmas Christ takes place in secular materialism and giving. Staged in a cave near Greccio, St. Francis' Crib was a living one with people and animals cast in the biblical roles. Pope Honorius III gave his blessing to the show. These pantomimes became very popular and spread throughout Christendom. Within a hundred years every church in Italy was expected to have a nativity scene at Christmas time. Finally replaced statues of humans and animals, and participants work on static scenes grew Affairs with richly dressed figures in landscape settings complicated place. Charles III, King of Sicily, collected such complex scenes, and his enthusiasm encourages others to to do the same.
A tradition in England, United Kingdom is Mince Pie baked in the form of a crib to keep the baby Jesus to dinner, when the cake was eaten. When the Puritans banned Christmas in the seventeenth century, but also specific legislation adopted to prohibit such cakes, called it "Idolaterie in crust.
Components
Static cribs
Bizarre Rubber Ducky Set of the Three Kings, a lamb, and the Saints Family
A static crib is placed at rest in houses and churches during the Christmas season and figurines of the baby Jesus in a manger, Mary and Joseph composed. Other characters in the scene can be angels, shepherds and animals. The numbers can be made from any material, and in a stable or cave. The magician can also be displayed be, and are sometimes not in the scene until the week after Christmas down in order to report on their travel time of the event. After the First World War, large, backlit Nativity scenes in churches and public buildings grew in popularity, and by the 1950s, many companies sell lawn ornaments light-resistant, durable, weather resistant Materials tells the Christmas story. While most are packed away home crib at Christmas or shortly thereafter, cribs remain in the churches as a rule on the display, until the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord.
Variations on the standard crib are diverse and include ethnic dioramas. In Colombia, for example, can Pesebre with a city and their environment, with shepherds and animals. Mary and Joseph are often rural Boyac people with countrywoman Maria's in a scarf and hat wearing fedora shown, and Joseph dressed in a poncho. The baby Jesus is represented as a European with Italian features. Visitors bring gifts to the Christ child presented as Colombian natives.
The traditional nativity scene has never been an attempt to describe exactly been a gospel event. With no basis in the Gospels, for example, the shepherds, the wise, and the ox and donkeys together at the manger. Some traditions make other biblical figures, the crib, like Adam and Eve and the serpent, Noah and his animals, the twelve sons of Jacob; The twelve prophets and the twelve apostles. Mundane activities such as washing diapers Maria in Jordan or a dove descending on the newborn can be displayed.
Living Nativity
Live nativity scene at St. Adalbert's Church, Wyszkw, Poland, 2006
Living Nativity in Sicily in which a model of the rural Area from the 19th Century village. A young craftsman draws water from an authentically reconstructed fountain
Pantomimes like the scene staged by St. Francis Greccio was an annual event in the whole of Christendom. Abuses and exaggerations in the presentation of the mystery plays in the Middle Ages, however, forced the church to prohibit the performance during the fifteenth century. The games outside church walls, but survived, and 300 years after the ban, brought German immigrants simple forms of the nativity play to America. Some features of the drama was part of the Catholic and Protestant Christmas services with children often among the parts of the characters in the Christmas story. Nativity plays and festivals, culminating in live Nativity, and finally entered public schools. Today, as exhibits in the grounds of separation of church and the state in question.
In some countries, the crib to the streets with costumed human cast as Joseph and Mary traveling from house to house shelter seek, and told through the buildings' occupants to move on. The pair travel in an outdoor table at a certain place with the shepherds and the Magi then peaked out on Fashion Parade streets in search of the Child.
Living nativity scenes are not without problems. In 2008, for example, vandals destroyed all eight scenes and scenes on Mount Caramel Christian Church Drive-through living nativity scene in Georgia. About 120 of the church 500 members in the construction of the scenes were involved or play roles in production. The damage was estimated at more than $ 2,000. Moreover, the use of real animals in live nativity complaint has provoked.
In southern Italy, especially Sicily, are living nativity (called Presepe Vivente in Italian), extremely popular, and are quite complicated issues that feature the classic crib Scene and a model of rural 19th Century village, complete with artisans in traditional costumes to work in their respective industries. These attract many Visitors were from Italy and was televised national broadcaster Rai.
Animals in cribs
With no basis in the canonical narratives of Jesus' birth, an ox and ass are usually part of the crib. The tradition can emerge from a extracanonical text, the Pseudo-Matthew Gospel of the eighth century:
"And on the third day after the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ, Mary went out of the cave, and entering a stable, put the baby in a crib, and ox and the ass adored him. Then was fulfilled what was spoken by the prophet Isaiah, "The ox knows its owner and the ass his master's crib." Therefore, the animals, Ox and the donkey, with him constantly in their midst adored him. Then was fulfilled what was spoken by the prophet Habakkuk said: "Between two animals that appeared to be Are. "
The ox, the donkey, and the baby Jesus in one of the earliest depictions of Christ's birth, (Ancient Roman Christian sarcophagus, 4th century)
Significant symbolism of the ox and the donkey attached. The ox is traditionally patience, the people of Israel, and the Old Testament sacrificial system during the donkey represents humility, Willingness to serve, and the Gentiles.
The ox and the ass, like other animals, was part of the Nativity tradition. paginarum In 1415, Corpus Christi celebration, the Ordo notes that Jesus was lying between an ox and a donkey. Other animals introduced to cribs including elephants and camels.
In the 1970s, Churches and other communities began with zoo animals in her crib Festival in an attempt to provide some authenticity. "Drive-by" or "stub" Scenes with rented animals such as sheep and donkeys have become popular in California during outdoor walks and cribs.
Some complaints surrounding the use of live animals in cribs. In 2008, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the animals in live nativity lacked sufficient movement and space, and have suffered extreme temperatures strengthened and ads from substandard products. Tragedies in animals by PETA were noted, including the rape of a sheep in West Virginia crib and the death of a donkey in Richmond, Virginia to transport dogs chased the animal into the street. PETA recommended churches and other organizations to promote the live nativity displays spend its resources on alleviating the plight of the poor rather rent animals for such displays, and suggested that attendance of children dressed as animals in such scenes as the human Alternative.
Selection of striking scenes
Vatican Nativity
In 1982, Pope John Paul II, the annual tradition of placing a nativity scene inaugurated on display in the Vatican in Piazza San Pietro before the Christmas tree.
In 2006 presented the seventeen new crib figures of spruce on loan to the Vatican of sculptors and sawyers of the city Tesero, Italy in the Italian Alps. The figures include farmers, a flutist, a bagpipe player and a shepherd named Titaoca. Twelve Nativity created before 1800 from Tesero were set on display in the Vatican audience hall.
The Vatican Nativity for the year 2007, the birth of Jesus in Nazareth (instead in Bethlehem), based on an interpretation of Matthew's Gospel. Mary was shown with the newborn baby Jesus in a room in Joseph's house. On the left side of the room was Joseph Workshop while on the right side was a busy inn – a comment on materialism versus Spirituality. The Vatican said written description of the diorama: "The scene for this year's Nativity recalls the painting style of the Flemish school of the 1500s." The scene was on 24 Presented in December and stayed until 2 February 2008 for the Feast of the Presentation of the Lord. Ten new figures were issued with seven on loan from the city Tesero and three – a bakery, a woman and a child – donated to the Vatican.
In 2008, the Province of Trento, Italy provided shaped wooden figures and animals, and utensils to create representations of daily life. The scene in seventeen Figures with nine depicting the Holy Family, the Magi and the shepherds. The nine figures were originally donated by St. Vincent Pallotti in Rome for the birth the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle in 1842 and eventually found their way to the Vatican. They are attracted each year for the scene. The 2008 scene was in Bethlehem with a fountain and a fireplace represent regeneration and light set. In the same year showed the Vatican Paul VI Hall a live nativity scene designed by Mexican artists.
Since 1968, the Pope at a special ceremony in St. Peter's Square last Sunday before Christmas, that blessing will hundreds of cribs and baby Jesus for the children of Rome , Officiated Italy. In 1978, 50 000 students attended the ceremony.
Nativity
Main article: Santon (character)
A produce seller Santon
A Santon (Provenal "little saint") is a small hand-painted terracotta crib figure in the Provence in the southeast France produced. In a traditional Provenal crche put the crib figures from various characters Provenal village life as the knife-grinder, the Fisher and the chestnut vendor. The characters were first created during the French Revolution when churches were forcibly closed and banned large cribs. Now its production is a family affair went from parents to children. accumulate in the Christmastime season Santon makers in Marseille and other places in the southeast of France to show and sell their wares.
Kraków Szopka
Main article: Krakow Szopka
Szopka are traditional Polish Christmas nativity to the thirteenth century, Kraków, Poland. Its modern design contains elements of Krakow's historic architecture with Gothic towers, Renaissance facades and Baroque domes and uses everyday materials such as colored tinfoil, cardboard and wood. Some are mechanized. The prizes are awarded for the elaborately designed and decorated pieces in an annual competition in Kraków's main square next to the statue of Adam Mickiewicz instead. Some of the best are then displayed in Kraków Museum of History. Szopka have traditionally been carried out from door to door, Nativity plays (Jaselka) by groups.
Three cribs in the United States
White House crèche, 2008
One of the oldest nurseries in the United States the Moravian Church Putz indicated by the Congregation of the Moravian Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, since 18 Century. [Edit] The German name "Shine" comes from the word "adorn." The plaster tell the full story of the birth of Jesus from the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Similar plaster are traditionally found in houses and Moravian churches in Pennsylvania and North Carolina.
In 2005, President of the United States of America, George W. Bush and his wife, First Lady of the United States, Laura Bush showed an eighteenth century Italian nativity scene in the East Room of the White House in Washington, DC, USA. The crib was donated to the White House in the last decades of the twentieth century.
On her Christmas Day 2007 TV show was Martha Stewart's crib, they formed in ceramics class at the Alderson Federal Prison Camp in Alderson, West Virginia while serving a 2005 sentence. She noted: "Even if each prisoner was allowed to do only one a month, and I was only there for five months, I begged because I said I was an expert potter – ceramicist actually -., I could ask for the whole nursery, "she supplemented her Nativity imported into the show with tiny artificial palm trees from Germany.
Controversy
United States of America
Nativity scenes have provoked Controversies and disputes. In federal court pleadings in the United States, for example, defended the New York City, New York, school system its ban on cribs by the terms of the historicity of the birth of Jesus was not the reality. The judge in the case upheld the ban, noting that the ban is not discriminatory, the cribs , While allowing Jewish menorahs and Islamic star and crescent displays because the latter two have secular components during cribs are purely religious. In another case allowed a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA School a nativity scene game while allowing a menorah display. The head teacher said: "Judaism is not just a religion, it is a culture."
A static outdoor nativity scene in the United States of America (Christmas Market, Chicago, Illinois)
In 1969, the American Civil Liberties Union (three clergymen, an atheist, and a leading provider of ethics of the American Society), tried the construction of a nativity scene on the Ellipse in Washington, DC, United States block. If the ACLU claimed the government violated sponsorship of a clear separation of the Christian symbol Church and State, the sponsors of the 50-year-old Christmas, Pageant of Peace (of an exclusive authorization from the Interior Ministry for all events on the Ellipse) said, that the crib is reminiscent of America's spiritual heritage was. The United States Court of Appeals ruled on 12 December 1969, that the crche be allowed this year. The case for further four years to 26 September 1973 considered when the court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and found the participation of the Interior and the National Park Service at the Pageant of Peace was government support for religion. The court ruled that if the crib from the pageant or the government dropping the end of his participation in the event to avoid "excessive entanglements" between state and religion. In 1973, disappeared from the crib.
In 1985, the Court of United States failed Supreme Court in ACLU vs. Scarsdale, New York, the mangers on public lands separation of church and state statutes, if they disagree with "The Reindeer Rule" – A regulation demanding equal opportunities for non-religious symbols like reindeer.
In 1994, the Board of Christmas in the Park San Jose, California, United States America away from a statue of Baby Jesus from Plaza de Cesar Chavez Park and replaced it with a statue of the Aztec feathered god Quetzalcoatl was responsible $ 500,000 public Funds. Demonstrators then staged a live nativity scene in the park.
In 2006, a lawsuit against the State of Washington in the United States do if there is a non-public display of "holiday" tree and a menorah, but allowed a crib. As a result of the action, the decision was taken to a crib in the Rotunda Allow the State Capitol in Olympia to be found.
Byron Babion, Senior Legal Counsel at the Alliance Defense Fund, a conservative Christian group in the United States, led the legal battle at the scene display to establish a private person, permission was denied the scene. Babion said:
It is incredible to think that the Americans are twice before thinking it okay to celebrate Christmas in public. As it constitutional for the officials and a menorah a holiday tree display It is also belong to a constitutional crib … Ninety percent of Americans celebrate Christmas. Given the fact that the inclusion of a nativity scene by a private citizen is entirely appropriate. More importantly, it does not against facet of the law. In fact, the state capital rotunda open for displays and exhibits during the holiday season. The state can not bar manger at Christmas because of his religious views and that other shows, such as a menorah and [a] 'holiday tree. "
Baby Jesus Theft
In the United States, are sometimes stolen from Nativity outdoor public and private records of the Christmas season in an act, commonly known as Baby Jesus is theft. The thefts are usually recovered tricks with figures within hours or days of their disappearance. Some have been damaged beyond repair or have obscene or defaced with satanic symbols. It is unclear whether the baby Jesus is theft on the rise, do not track how U.S. law enforcement authorities do, such as theft. Some municipalities to protect outdoor nativity with surveillance cameras or GPS devices hidden within the figures. Some wonder whether anti-Christian Feeling lurks behind the thefts.
United Kingdom
In December 2004, Madame Tussaud's in London, England, UK presented crib wax models of soccer star David Beckham and wife Victoria Beckham as Joseph and Mary and Kylie Minogue as the angel. Tony Blair, George W. Bush, and the Duke of Edinburgh as the three kings were against, while actor Hugh Grant, Samuel L. Jackson and comedian Graham Norton has been cast as a shepherd. The celebrities were for the roles of 300 people, the Madame Tussaud's in October 2004 and had visited selected on the display. The Archbishop of Canterbury was not impressed, and a Vatican spokesman said the ad was in very bad taste. Other officials reacted angrily, with a statement that it was "a stunt crib too far". "We sorry if we offended people have, "said Diane Moon, a spokesman for the museum. She said the ad was meant in a spirit of fun.
The Vatican
In a case similar to Madame Tussaud's, the Vatican waived the traditional setting of the Nativity Bethlehem Luke's account in the 2007 nursery and the event was in Joseph's house in Nazareth with his workshop and a lively pub on both sides. The ad was on an interpretation of the account in Matthew with the overarching theme is based materialism versus spirituality. The decision for the atypical setting was part of a raid will be built on imaginative scenes in various cities throughout Italy. In Naples, Italy, for example, were Elvis Presley and Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi, the shepherds and angels depicted worship in the manger.
Spain
El Caganer
In 2005 the City Council of Barcelona, Spain requested a crib in the region are not traditional Christmas nativity scene Figure, el caganer, a red-capped stool character that is not part of the Nativity story, but simply an expression of irreverent humor scatological southwestern Europe. The Council claimed the character is a bad example, as sanitary laws had been adopted to eliminate the public recently. The Council's decision was considered as an attack on Catalan tradition, and after a campaign against him, was restored el caganer the crib in 2006. In addition to the traditional caganer have other signs appeared to believe the caganer position. In 2008, a "killjoy" by Barack Obama are available just days after his election as President of the United States of America made.
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