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History of the Indian Race

INTRODUCTION

Traditionally, the beginning of the United States' century history viewed from the time of European exploration and settlement, beginning in the 16th to the present. But the people had lived in America since more than 30,000 years before the first European settlers arrived.

When Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in 1492 he skinned a man whose physical appearance was greeted him confirmed in his opinion that he had at last reached India, and he, therefore, as Indians, Indians, a name that is mistaken, however, in its first application continued to hold their own, and has long since won general acceptance, except in strictly scientific writing, in which the more accurate term American is used frequently. As exploration was extended to the north and south, it was found that the same race over the whole Continent was widespread from the Arctic to Cape Horn banks, the same everywhere in the most important physical properties, with the exception of the Eskimos in the far north (the Features point to Mongolia).

GENERAL BACKGROUND

Origin and Antiquity

Different origins have been assigned the Indian Race. The more or less beleivable statement is the following. At the height of the ice age was between 34 000 30 000 BC, much of the world water contained in large continental Ice sheets. As a result, the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below the present level, and a land bridge, Beringia was known as, between Asia and North America. At the peak of Beringia is thought have been about 1,500 kilometers wide. A moist and treeless tundra, it was covered with grasses and plants that attracts the large animals that early People hunted for their survival. The first people to reach North America almost certainly did it without knowing they had crossed into a new continent. They would have the following Game, as their ancestors for thousands of years along the Siberian coast and then across the isthmus.

Race Type

The most obvious external Characteristics of the Indian race type are brown skin, dark eyes, prominent cheekbones, straight black hair, beard and sparse. The color is not red, as in Vernacular means, but varies from very light in some tribes, like the Cheyenne, to almost black, in others, such as the Caddo and Tarimari. In some tribes, as the Flatheads, the skin has a distinct yellow cast. The hair is brown in childhood, but always black in the adult until it turns gray with age. Hair loss is almost unknown. The eye is not kept as open as in the Caucasian and seems more suited to distance than to close work. The nose is usually straight and well shaped, and in some tribes strongly curved. Her hands and feet are comparatively small. Size and weight To vary as among Europeans, the Pueblos, on average only slightly more than five feet, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho are exceptionally tall, and the Tehuelche build of Patagonia in almost massive. In general, the desert Indians, as the Apache, are spare parts to build and muscular, while the half-timbered regions are harder although not proportionately stronger. The beard is always scanty, but increases with the admixture of white blood cells. The false idea that the Indian has naturally no beard is due to the fact that in most tribes, it is pointed out as fast as it grows plucked eyebrows in the same Thus treated. There is no tribe of "white Indians", but albinos with blond skin, weak pink eyes and almost white hair are occasionally found, especially among the Pueblos.

Major Cultural Areas

From prehistoric times until recent historic times there were roughly six major cultural areas, with Except that the Arctic (see Eskimo), ie, Northwest Coast, Plains, Plateau, Eastern Woodlands, north and southwest.

• The Northwest Coast Area

The target = "_blank"> northwest coast of extended area along the Pacific coast of South-North Alaska to California. The main language in this area were the Nadene the north and the Wakashan (a subdivision of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock) and the Tsimshian (a subdivision of the Penutian linguistic stock) in the central zone. Typical tribes of the Kwakiutl, the Haida, the Tsimshian and the Nootka. Densely wooded, had with a temperate climate and heavy rainfall, the region long supported a large Indian population. Salmon was the staple food, supplemented by sea mammals (seals and sea lions) and land mammals (deer, Moose and bears) as well as berries and other forest fruits. The Native Americans from this area used wood to build their houses and had cedar planked canoes and carved dugouts. In their permanent winter villages some of the groups had totem poles that were carved elaborately and with symbolic animal decoration. Her artistic work, for they are famous, also included the production of ceremonial objects such as rattles and masks, weaving and basket weaving. They had a highly stratified society with chiefs, nobles, middle class and slaves. Public display and disposal of wealth were basic features of society. They had robes, furs, woven hats and put as well as wooden armor and helmets for battle. This distinctive culture, which included cannibalistic rituals, was not strongly affected by European influences until the late 18th Century. When the white fur traders and hunters came to the area.

Tribes: Abenaki, Algonquin, Beothuk, Delaware, Erie, Fox, Huron, Illinois, Iroquois, Kickapoo, Mahican, Mascouten, Massachuset, Mattabesic, Menominee, Metoac, Miami, Micmac, Mohegan, Montagnais, Narragansett, Nauset, Neutral, Niantic, Nipissing, Nipmuc, Ojibwe, Ottawa, Pennacook, Pequot, Pocumtuck, Potawatomi, Sauk, Shawnee, Susquehannock, Tionontati, Wampanoag, Wappinger, Wenro, Winnebago.

• The Plains Area

The Plains area extended from north of the Canadian border, south to Texas and included the Grasslands between the Mississippi and the foothills of the Rocky Mts. The main language in this area were the Algonquian-Wakashan, the Aztec-Tanoan, and the Hokan-Siouan. In pre-Columbian Times there were two different types of Native Americans are: sedentary and nomadic. The sedentary tribes had migrated from neighboring regions and Ing had initially along the major river valleys populated, were farmers and lived in permanent villages of dome-shaped huts surrounded by earth ramparts. They raised corn, squash and beans. The foot nomads, on the other hand, moved with their goods on dog-drawn travois and eked out a precarious existence by hunting the great herds of Buffalo (Bison) – usually by driving them into enclosures or rounding them up by setting the grass fires. They supplemented their diet by exchanging meat and hides for Corn of the agricultural Native Americans.

The horse, first introduced by the Spanish in the Southwest, appeared in the Plains about the beginning of the 18th Century. and revolutionized the lives of the Plains Indians. Many Indians left their villages and joined the nomads. Mounted and armed with bows and arrows, they ranged the grasslands hunting buffalo. The other Native Americans remained farmers (eg, the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan to). Native Americans from the neighborhood came to the Plains (eg, the Sioux of the Great Lakes, the Comanche and Kiowa from the west and northwest, and the Navajo and the Apache from the southwest). A universal sign language among the perpetually wandering and often warring Native Americans developed. Living on horseback and in the portable tepee get them food by pounding and drying lean meat and made their clothes from buffalo hides and Deer skins. The system of coup was a characteristic feature of their society. Other features were rites of fasting in search of a vision, warrior clans, bead and feather Artwork, skins and decorated. These Plains Indians were among the last to engage in a serious battle with the white settlers in the United States.

Tribes: Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Bidai, Blackfoot, Caddo, Cheyenne, Comanche, Cree, Crow, Dakota (Sioux), Gros Ventre, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kansa, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Kitsai, Lakota (Sioux), Mandan, Metis, Missouri, Nakota (Sioux), Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Sarsi, Sutai, Tonkawa, Wichita.

• The Plateau

The Plateau area extended from above the Canadian border through the plateau and the mountains of the Rocky Mts. in the Southwest and included much of California. Typical tribes were the Spokan, the Paiute, the Nez Perce, and Shoshone. This was an area of great linguistic diversity. Because of the inhospitable environment the cultural development was generally low. The Native Americans in the Central Valley of California and the California coast, notably the Pomo, were sedentary peoples, edible plants, roots, collected, and fruit and also hunted small game. Their acorn bread, made by pounding acorns into meal and then leaching with hot water, was characteristic that, in baskets filled with boiled water and heated by hot stones. Living in brush shelters or more substantial lean-tos, they had some Earth lodges for ceremonies and ritual sweat baths buried. Basketry, coiled and intertwined, was highly developed. In the north, between the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mts., The social, political and religious systems were simple, and the art was not existent. The Native Americans lived there (since 1730) is a major cultural change, if they receive from the plains Indians the horse, dance the tepee, a form of sun, and deerskin clothes. However, they sat for a catch of salmon with nets and spears, and camas bulbs to collect. They also gathered ants and other insects and hunted small game and, in later times, buffalo. Their permanent winter villages on waterways had semisubterranean Lodges with conical roofs, a few Indians lived in bark-covered longhouses.

Tribes: Carrier, Cayuse, Coeur D'Alene, Colville, Dock-Spus, Eneeshur, Flathead, Kalispel, Kawachkin, Kittitas, Klamath, Klickitat, Kosith, Kutenai, Lakes, Lillooet, Methow, Modac, Nez Perce, Okanogan, Palouse, Sanpoil, Shushwap, Sinkiuse, Spokane, Tenino, Thompson, Tyigh, Umatilla, Walla Walla, Wasco, Wauyukma, Wenatchee, Wishram, Wyampum, Yakima. California: Achomawi, Atsugewi, Cahuilla, Chimariko, Chumash, Costanoan, Esselen, Hupa, Karuk, Kawaiisu, Maidu, Mission Indians, Miwok, Mono, Patwin, Pomo, Serrano, Shasta, Tolowa, Tubatulabal, Wailaki, Wintu, Wiyot, Yaha, Yokuts, Yuki, Yuman (California).

• The Eastern Woodlands Area

The Eastern Woodlands area covered the eastern part of the United States, for example from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and included the Great Lakes. The Natchez, the Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek and were typical Residents. The northeastern part of this area extended from Canada to Kentucky and Virginia. The people of the area (speaking languages of the Algonquian-Wakashan stock) were largely Deer hunters and farmers, the women tend small plots of maize, pumpkin and beans. The birch bark canoe gained wide usage in this area. The general pattern of existence these peoples and their Algonkin neighbors, the languages of the Iroquois branch of the Sioux spoke Hokan stock (enemies who had probably invaded from the south), was rather complicated. Their diet of deer meat was caught by another game (eg bear), fish (with hook, spear and net complements), and shellfish. Cooking was in vessels of Wood and bark or simple black pottery made. The dome-shaped wigwam and the longhouse of the Iroquois characterized their housing. The deerskin clothing, the painting of the face and (in the case of men) body and the scalp lock of the men (left when hair was on both sides of the head shaved), were typical. The myths of Manitou (often called Manibozho or Manabaus), are the heroes of the world from mud after a deluge remade, also generally known.

The region of the Ohio River South to the Gulf of Mexico, with its forests and fertile soil, was the heart of the southeastern part of the Eastern Woodlands cultural area. There, in front of about 500 inhabitants were semi-nomadic, who fished hunted and gathered roots and seeds. Between 500 and 900 they took to agriculture, smoking, pottery and burial mounds. By 1300 the agricultural economy was established, and view artifacts found in the hills, that trade was widespread. Long before the Europeans arrived, the peoples of Natchez and Muskogee branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic family were farmers who used hoes with stone, bone or shell blades. They hunted with bow and arrow and blowgun, fish by poisoning streams, and gathered berries, fruit and seafood. They had excellent pottery, sometimes decorated with abstract figures of animals or humans. Since warfare was frequent and intense, the villages were surrounded by wooden Palisades reinforced with earth. Some of the large villages, usually ceremonial centers, dominated the smaller towns in the surrounding area. There were temples for sun worship; Rites were elaborate and featured erased an altar with perpetual fire, and rekindled each year in a "new fire" ceremony. The company was generally shared into classes, with a chief, his children, nobles and commoners making up the hierarchy. For a discussion of the earliest Woodland groups, see the separate article Eastern Woodlands culture.

Tribes: Acolapissa, Asis, Alibamu, Apalachee, Atakapa, Bayougoula, Biloxi, Calusa, Catawba, Chakchiuma, Cherokee, Chesapeake Algonquin, Chickasaw, Chitamacha, Choctaw, Coushatta, Creek, Cusabo, Gaucata, Guale, Hitchiti, Houma, Jeags, Karankawa, Lumbee, Miccosukee, Mobile, Napochi, Nappissa, Natchez, Ofo, Powhatan, Quapaw, Seminole, South-Sioux, Tekesta, Tidewater Algonquin, Timucua, Tunica, Tuscarora, Yamasee, Yuchi. Bannock, Paiute (Northern) Paiute (Southern), Sheep Eater Shoshone (Northern), Shoshone (Western), Ute, Washo.

• The Northern Area

The north of the country covered most of Canada, also known as the subarctic, in the belt semiarctic country from the Rocky Mts. to Hudson Bay. The most important languages in this area were the Algonquian-Wakashan and the Nadene stocks. Typical of the people there were the Chipewyan. Restrictive environmental conditions prevented farming, but hunting, gathering and activities such as trapping and fishing have been exercised. Nomadic hunters moved with the season from forest to tundra, killing the caribou in semiannual drives. Other Food was provided by small game, berries, and edible roots. Not only food but clothing and even some shelter (caribou-skin tents) came from the caribou, caribou, and with leather strap the Indians laced their snowshoes and made nets and bags. The snowshoe was one of the most important elements of material culture. The shaman in the religion of many of these people presented.

Tribes: Calapuya, Cathlamet, Chehalis, Chemakum, Chetco, Chilluckkittequaw, Chinook, Clackamas, Clatskanie, Clatsop, Cowiche, Cowlitz, Haida, Hoh, Klallam, Kwalhioqua, Lushootseed, Makah, Molala, Multomah, Oynut, Ozette, Queets, Quileute, Quinault, Rogue River, Siletz, Taidhapam, Tillamook, Tutuni, Yakonan.

• The South West Area

The Southwest-area generally extended over Arizona, Mexico, New, and parts of Colorado and Utah. The branch of the Uto-Aztecan Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock was the main language of the area. Here is a semi-nomadic people called the basket makers, with the spear thrower or atlatl, acquired (ca. 1000 BC) the art of cultivating beans and squash hunted, probably south of its neighbors. They learned also produce unfired ceramic. She wove Baskets, sandals and bags. By c.700 BC they had initiated intensive agriculture, made true pottery, and hunted with bows and arrows. They lived in pit houses, which were partly underground and lined with stone slabs – the so-called slab houses. A new people came later on in the area some two centuries, they were the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians. They lived in large, terraced community houses on ledges of cliffs or canyons for protection and developed a set Ballroom (The Kiva) from what had been the living room of the pit houses. This period of development ended in 1300, after a severe drought and the beginnings of the invasions from the North by the Athabascan-speaking Navajo and Apache. The known historic Pueblo cultures of these peoples as sedentary agriculture of the Hopi and Zuni are then created. They built corn, Beans, squash, cotton and tobacco, rabbits killed with a wooden stick throw, and traded cotton textiles and corn for buffalo meat from nomadic tribes. The men wove cotton textiles and cultivated the fields, while women made fine polychrome pottery. The mythology and religious ceremonies were complex.

Tribes: Apache (Eastern), Apache (Western), Chemehuevi, Coahuiltec, Hopi, Jano, Manso, Maricopa, Mohave, Navaho, Pai, Papago, Pima, Pueblo (burglary in: Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Jemez, Laguna, Nambé, Picuris, Pojoaque, Sandia, San Felipe, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santo Domingo, Taos, Tesuque, Zia), Yaqui, Yavapai, Yuman, Zuni Am. Strongly think

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